I'll do the basics if you want -
Aversive (stimulus) - A stimulus is a change in the horse's internal environment (e.g. blood sugar or internal pain) or external environment (e.g. new visual information) which is detectable by the horse's 5 senses. An aversive stimulus is any stimulus which the horse would consider to be unpleasent, uncomfortable or undesirable e.g. pressure, pain, hunger etc.
Bridge or bridging stimulus - A bridging stimulus is a stimulus, such as a sound or visual cue, which the horse has learnt means he is preforming the correct behaviour and to keep going. Clicker can be used in the manner - see Ben Hart.
Terminal stimulus - A terminal stimulus is a stimulus which the horse has learnt means he has performed the behaviour correctly and to stop. This is the way most people use clicker such as Alexander Kurland and Becky Holden.
Bridge and target training - Pioneered by Kayce Cover the system uses a signal for bridging and different signal for the terminal stimulus giving the animal the most possible information about whether they are performing the behaviour correctly.
http://synalia.com/ A very interesting training technique. Two different clicks could possibly be used for this, Kayce uses xxxxx and X as the bridge and terminal stimulus respectively.
Chaining - Chaining is the linking of different behaviours to form one continuace chain. Chain is traditional done backwards with the last behaviour being link to the 2nd to last, and then the 3rd to last behaviour is added etc etc. This means that the animal always goes on to perform behaviours it knows are rewarded. Chaining different behaviours can also be done forwards but it relies purely on repetition.
Classical conditioning - Classical conditioning conditioning is a learnt association between two stimuli or events. These can be pleasent or unpleasent associations, for example, human in feed room = food or saddle = pain (with a badly fitting saddle).
Conditioned reinforcement - Do you mean operant conditioning? Operant conditioning is the association between a behaviour and a consequence. Depending on whether the consequence reinforces or punishes the behaviour, the behaviour will be strengthen or weakened respectively. For example, standing still at mounting block = treat, standing still behaviour reinforced and will become stronger. However if standing still at mounting block = being dug in the side and slammed down on, the standing behaviour is punished and thus weakened.
Counter conditioning - Counter conditioning is when a unwanted behaviour or reaction is extinguished by strengthening (e.g. through reward) a behaviour or reaction that is incompatible to the unwanted one. For example, rewarding clamness to replace fear or anxiety, associating loud noises or anything scary with rewards such as food, or preventing aggression by rewarding friendliness.
Luring - Luring is the use of food to encourage the horse to perform a desired behaviour so that it can be rewarded. Once the behaviour is learnt and cued, the lure is removed. For example, when teaching the horse to come to call at first it is often useful to use food to encourage the horse over.
Primary reinforcer - Is any reinforcer required for the horse's continued survival, e.g. food and water.
Secondary reinforcer - Is a reinforcer that predicts the arrival of a primary reinforcer, i.e. the click in clicker, the click has no innate value but predicts the arrival of food. Similar to tokens in an arcade predict rewards of prizes or money allows us to purchase those things needed for survival, even though small bits of paper and metal have no interinsic value their association with primary reinforcers gives them value. Secondary reinforcers could be said to be conditioned reinforcers. (Secondary reinforcer can also be any reinforcer the horse finds desirable and pleasent but is not required for there continued survival, e.g. scratches.)
Hope this is some help. As I say only the very basics.
